Republic, Bk. VIII

Five Types of Cities / Souls

Five Types of Constitutions for Cities:

(a) Rule by Philosophers (Aristocracy);

(b) Rule by Guardians (Timocracy);

(c) Rule by Producers #1: the rich (Oligarchy);

(d) Rule by Producers #2: everyone (Demoracy);

(e) Rule by one (Tyranny).

They correspond to four types of soul:

(a) Rule by reason;

(b) Rule by spirit;

(c) Rule by necessary appetites;

(d) Rule by necessary and unnecessary appetites;

(e) Rule by lawless appetites